The beginning of the Greek alphabet.
Part of the Greek alphabet.
The Greek alphabet on lines 3 and 4.
Part of the Greek alphabet?
A gladiator with arm outstretched.
Androm(achus) iii ca(lendas) Apr(iles) | Bal(erianus) iiii non(as) Mai(as).
It has been suggested that this graffito is about gladiators. The dates are March 30 and May 4.
A gladiator.
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker
- the discovery by Simon Bakker.
A quadriga.
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker
- taking the picture after the discovery.
QV SECVNDA FORMOSA
BINII QUII BINTVA
FACIIS AGITANTI PRASINI
CRISPI
The first part seems to be about a beautiful girl, Secunda. For line 3 cf. Suetonius, Nero 22: prasinum agitatorem, a Green charioteer in the games at the circus. The factio prasina was the party of charioteers who dressed in green. The graffito brings to mind the paintings of charioteers in the building.
Photograph
ICCD N5407 (centre)
According to the excavator "... two gladiators in combat, one of which fully armed with fasciae, manica, galea and a rectangular shield. Above the figure the name TAVRVS ..."
Others suggest that the drawing is of a judge and a victorious gladiator (retiarius), and read above the drawing the inscription:
GLAPHYRINVS / BAETICVS TAVR[VS]
A gladiator looking towards his left.
Perhaps about the sale of pigs (porci).
A ram's head.
A snake with a comb on its head.
An elephant showing 'criss-cross' markings, a technique frequently used with
drawings of animals. Several deer are drawn like this at Herculaneum, as is a
horse at Dura Europus.
Photograph.
A horse's head.
Photograph
ICCD N5387 (small, towards the left, legs also visible)
Photograph
ICCD N5388 (small, towards the bottom, legs also visible)
A horse's head.
A horse or cow?
MII/\I VIS . OVIIS NATI
About the birth of sheep?
The head of an animal.
accepti (denarii) XXV K(alendis) Decenb(ribus)
About money received on December 1st.
PANIIM A VIII
LIGNA A V
About the purchase of bread and wood (or a wooden writing-tablet), paid with a(sses).
Photograph
ICCD N5248 (right part only)
IIII BYTIRRI
OLEVM X FRVMII
The graffito mentions butter, oil and grain (frume[ntum]).
DIINARIOS XXVII
A text referring to money. Next to a drawing of a lizard.
* III
A VIII
A VIII
* = denarii, A = asses.
PRIMODIII
* VII
SECVNDO NISV
* VII
INTIIRTIO
* X
Apparently the registration of the payment of denarii on the first, second and third day.
COIIMIAXCFVDI RIVA
Perhaps Coemi a(ssibus) XC, fudi riva[lem]: "I bought it for 90 asses, I beat my rival", referring to an auction.
X I I I I I I I I I and lines.
A map or a machine?
A grid.
A rectangular shape with (partly inscribed) lines.
Lines.
A map?
The first photo is in reality also above the second one. The two photos partly overlap.
Photographs by Jan Theo Bakker
Profile of an object.
The architrave of a temple or public building?
Concentric circles and a few straight lines.
A grid or gaming board.
Drawing.
A plan of two buildings?
Lines.
A structure looking like a millstone in a bakery.
Long and short lines.
A structure and perhaps a human figure.
K VX IVNIVS | IVLIAS
Photograph
ICCD N5420
Photograph
ICCD N5421
III NONAS APRILIIS
April 3rd.
Tallymarks and dates (February 13, March 18).
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker
Photographs ICCD:
N5261
(tallymarks, part of IDVS FEB)
N5262
(tallymarks, IDVS FEB, XV K APR)
N5263
(tallymarks and dates)
N5264
(tallymarks, IDVS FEB, XV K APR)
N5265
(tallymarks and dates)
M CAVIO SQUILLA GALLICANO
SEX CARMINIO VETERE [co(n)s(ulibus)]
A consular date: 150 AD.
XII K
III K
V K A . . . A
XII K__L
XII
III K
III N DIICIIMBRIIS
SPANILLA P[---]XXIX
MOD MAFA[---]TV
December 3rd.
II KAL MAR
February 29.
Imp(eratore) Antonino III
e(t) Comazonte II co(n)s(ulibus)
VIII Idus Aug(ustas)
August 6, 220 AD.
Photograph
ICCD E40880 (turned 90 degrees)
V IDVS MARTIAS
March 11.
V K OCT VIINIT
K = KAL. About the arrival of someone on September 28.
VII ID IVN
June 7th.
VII Kal Commodas.
Commodus had introduced a month called Commodus (August or perhaps September). After his death the original name was restored. Cf. CIL XIV, 2113 (Lavinium).
Photographs:
All these graffiti represent dates:
A. III NON(ae) IVLIVS i.e July 5
B. V NONAS XX
C. ?NON(ae) OCT MCX
D. IIII NON(ae) IIII
E. XII K(alendae) MA??
F. CERIA (Cerialis, a consul of 215 AD?)
G. XII K(alendae)
H. PRI(die) NON(ae) SEPTEM[bri]S i.e. September 4
Overviews: Details ABCD | Details CDEF | Details GH
Photograph
ICCD E40903
IV IDVS
Many dates can be read (apparently January 18-26 and March 26 in the first column, February 11 in the second). The word centenarium refers to something consisting of or relating to one hundred, such as a pistrinum centenarium, a bakery for which a minimum investment was needed or which handled a minimum amount of grain.
[---]IANVARIA NUGAS ES
VIDVS SCRIPSIT
[---]IMISS[---]VIISTI NII IIOVS
C R O VIIST
AMATOR
[---]AII NIIVA[---]IIS
[--]AC
[---]N
About a frivolous girl, Ianuaria, and a lover.
Lines 2, 4 and 5 were written in the right half of the graffito.
LVCILA FORMOSA
TIBI IIS NITA
NIS SIS AMA
About a beautiful girl, Lucilla.
Two graffiti, one on top of the other.
Hic ad Callin[i]cum
futui orem anum (palma)
amicom [---] re nolite r
in aedi ( or: [c]inaede) [---]
"Here I had oral and anal intercourse with my friend in the inn of Callinicus (or: with my sea-going friend Callinicus?). Do not ...". This graffito was written first. Callinicus was probably the owner (vilicus) of the building.
Livius me cunus
lincet Tertulle cunnu ov[---]
Efesius Terpsilla amat.
Photograph
ICCD N5385
Photograph
ICCD N5386
According to the excavator: Agathopus et Prima et Epaphroditus tres convenientes.
Others suggests: Agathopus et Prima et (four deleted letters) Mod(e)stus
tres convenientes.
According to the excavator: Cepholus et Musice duo conve | nientes.
Others suggests: Nicephorus et Musice duo convenientes.
cuius cineres aurea terra tegat
"I remember touching the buttocks of a certain girl,
whose ashes the golden earth covers".
From a tomb.
A phallus.
M/\MIVS SALIVS
FORMOSVS
About a beautiful man.
Line 2 was written in the right half of the graffito.
CRVSEROS AMAS ADAMA
APELLA CRVSIDE . IVSTVS IANVAR[---]VS
PLVRIMA
"Chrysis, you love Chryseros, but he loves Apella. Many greetings from Iustus Ianuarius".
Line 3 was written in the right half of the graffito.
A phallus and the text CVNNILINGVS.
COLONICV(S)
LINGIT SET QUIT
LINGIT NESSCIO CVNNV[---]
Apparently about licking a c**t. Above an erotic drawing (phallus).
Photograph
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker
PVPA V(ale) SAL(utem)
"Darling (doll), hello, greetings!"
Hermadion cinaedus.
"You are a faggot, Hermadion".HICAMOR
HABITAT
"Love lives here".
Photograph
ICCD N5250 (at left end)
A temple, or public building.
The lighthouse in Portus.
The lighthouse in Portus, next to Trajan's column. The upper left part has recently disappeared.
Photograph
ICCD N5281
A drawing of Trajan's column with the text:
PVTE[olanus?] | H | HIERON PI | NXIT.
"On the western wall of the porticoed corridor someone called Hieron, of Greek origin, has signed the oldest, perhaps unique, depiction of Trajan's Column in Rome, drawn with great care and precision. The Ostia lighthouse is drawn several times with varying degrees of success and, on the same wall, a careful hand has minutely drawn a kind of small board divided into squares, more or less like our modern game of chess" (R. Calza). The upper part has recently disappeared.
Photograph
ICCD N5281
IATVM in an unfinished tabula ansata (left ansa missing). The thickness of the letters and the position, on the bottom line and not in the centre, suggest that we read here the English name Tatum. The tabula ansata may be modern as well.
Photograph
by Jan Theo Bakker.
A tabula ansata.
Tabula ansata.
The 1 on a dice. The second in a row of three dice.
A gaming board? Modern?
The 4 on a dice. The third in a row of three dice.
On the three dice the numbers are 6, 1 and 4, perhaps intended as the numerical palindrome VIIIV.
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker.
The 6 on a dice. The first in a row three dice.
A gaming board.
A circle with inscribed lines.
A drawing of metal decoration?
A few lines forming triangles.
A geometrical pattern.
A wheel?
A square with inscribed lines.
A wheel?
A wheel?
Lines looking like a plan.
Rectangle drawn over the head on a wall painting.
Three objects looking like a branch, a stick and a bracelet.
A cross in a circle.
Geometrical design.
It looks as though a mistake has been made in this drawing, which as a result has not been completed.
A rectangle with inscribed lines, looking like a simple plan.
(palma)
A circle with inscribed lines.
Geometrical design.
Two helices, the one on the left vertical, the one on the right horizontal.
A circle with an inscribed cross.
Concentric circles, perhaps a rope coiled on the deck of a ship.
Photograph
Geometrical design.
It looks as though this drawing has not been completed.
Photograph
ICCD N5423
A circle with an inscribed cross.
Drawing.
Geometrical design.
A name. Next to a drawing of a male head.
A human torso.
Perhaps the legs of a male figure.
A head or torso?
A human figure.
BVRDO
The text accompanies a rough bust of a young man with bulla.
A human figure.
The headware being worn in this drawing seems identical to examples described by Langner (2001) at Aphrodisias, Pompeii and Delphi. One explanation of what is happening is that a tibia is being played. It may also be a modern custodian or archaeologist, smoking a cigar.
A human figure.
A male figure.
Photograph
ICCD N5290
A male, winged head. Perhaps a representation of a wind.
One of three heads found one above the other.
One of three heads found one above the other.
One of three heads found one above the other.
Head and shoulders, looking left.
A head looking towards his left.
Male head.
Photograph
ICCD N15469
A face?
HICEGOMENAEMI
"Here I bought (the slave) Menas".
"Your mistress is far inferior to you".
domesticus (or Domesticus?) grat[i]as aget dominu suo
[?] opto te bene (or opto te benei valea) [?] to.
A slave thanks his master and wishes him well.
MIIDICAMI[---]
LINGAE BVBI[---]
BVS
About medicine and the plant lingua bubula (ox-tongue).
Cato, De Re Rustica 40: "cover the whole with ox-tongue, so that if it rains the water will not soak into the bark". See also Pliny, Natural History, 17, 14, 24, par. 112.
It has been used in history to induce courage, joy, merriment, exhilaration, and making "the mind glad". It was also ground up into a poultice, and used to treat bruises and abrasions.
A EHI COMITIALE VA
ANIHA
Perhaps about epilepsy (morbus comitialis).
Photograph
ICCD N5389
Below a drawing of a bird.
[Photo nr. - layer - description]
1 - Layer 33 left.....?
2 - Layer 33 right....rigging?
3 - Layer 32 left ....AICYC?
4 - Layer 32 centre ....?
5 - Layer 32 right...Steelyard or building?
6 - Layers 31 right....?
7 - Layers 30/29 right....?
8 - Layer 29 left/centre....SN I IVN RCVI AATAISI
9 - Layer 28 left....II IIIC I H X
10 - Layer 28 centre....X A W X II
11 - Layer 27 left....VTA__MVIIMI
12 - Layer 27/26 right....Rigging
13 - Layer 24 centre....I N
14 - Layers 23 left....STITIIIIAI
15 - Layer 23 centre/right ....II IIA IIII SIS IIII
16 - Layers 21 left....IVNIVS CHRIISIMVS
17 - Layer 20 left....?
18 - Layer 20 centre....F
19 - Layer 19/18 centre....A boat?
20 - Layers 21 to 18 right ....A boat?
21 - Layer 18 left/centre ....AHVIIIM____AIXIS
22 - Layer 15 left....AIIHII IIA III and a boat
23 - Layer 16/15 right ....?
24 - Layer 14 left....ABCD_FG
25 - Layer 13 centre....?
26 - Layer 12 left ....AN
27 - Layers 11 centre....NE AA NIV N
28 Layer 10 right....IVI
Photographs: 1 | 2
| 3 | 4
| 5 | 6
| 7 | 8
| 9 | 10
| 11 | 12
| 13 | 14
| 15 | 16
| 17 | 18
| 19 | 20
| 21 | 22
| 23 | 24
| 25 | 26
| 27 | 28
-
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker: layers
21-20.
Left column, layer 27: the Greek alphabet.
Photographs:
AVE | RO(ma?)
With drawings of a head of a donkey and a palm branch.
Photographs:
"A slab bearing graffiti of an elephant, a web-footed horse, a four-legged beast with a mouse's snout, a helmeted soldier with shield and lance, a juggler, a boat with an oar".
"Dates and accounts and notes drawn with many parallel lines, through which a diagonal line is drawn".
"Next to the door, on the right, a small boat, without sails, drawn with infinite accuracy; next to it there is a figure showing its right profile, wrapped in a cloak that seems to hide its legs, which cannot be seen. Behind, or resting on its shoulder, is a cornucopia which could indicate that this is a female figure, although its features are rather masculine... Below these there is a complete, very large circle."
[Photo nr. - layer - description]
1 - Layer 31.....VIII
2 - Layer 31 right....AIN HIVI
3 - Layer 30 left ....a boat
4 - Layer 29 left ....another boat?
5 - Layer 28....MARCUS AVR[e]LIVS NXX I/
6 - Layers 28/27 right....AXXX
7 - Layers 27/26....AXHMI
8 - Layer 26 right....X
9 - Layer 24 centre....M
10 - Layer 23 right....tally marks
11 - Layer 22 left....tally marks
12 - Layers 22/21 right....*AAXI
13 - Layer 21 left....?
14 - Layers 21/20/19 centre....rigging of a boat?
15 - Layer 18 centre....C_IIIINISAVIV
16 - Layer 16 centre....VI
17 - Layer 15....AIXI
18 - Layer 14 left....AEMILIVS IVNIOR
19 - Layer 14 right...._A_
20 - Layer 11 left....SIAAI
21 - Layer 11 centre....NVX
22 - Layer 10 left....IX__IIII
23 - Layer 8 centre....NVM
24 - Layer 7 centre/right....SVISH
25 - Layers 7/6/5 right....?
Photographs: 1 | 2
| 3 |
4 | 5 | 6
| 7 | 8
| 9 | 10
| 11 | 12
| 13 | 14
| 15 | 16
| 17 | 18
| 19 | 20
| 21 | 22
| 23 |
24 | 25
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker: layer
28.G0036a-l
"... as well as boats ... there is a virile, nude figure of the athletic type, surrounded by animals amongst which two horses, a ram and a dog are recognisable." One person is wreathed.
Various texts.FLORO ATINI
(centuria) RVFI
VARIVS
INGE[---]
IANVARIA FVIT
IANVARIAS
Photographs:
Photograph
ICCD N5259 (bottom left)
Photograph
ICCD N5296 (bottom left)
Photograph
ICCD N5260 (bottom)
Photograph
ICCD N5259 (bottom right)
Photograph
ICCD N5296 (bottom right)
MARIVS
BASSINIAKCSL_OI
SANNIMO
ANIVE_O
Photographs:
LCFHIC
H BIN
The initials of someone who was "here"?
CAMAND[---]
Possibly a name (Gaius Amandus). In a shrine.
AVRELIVS HERMOGENES
An excubatorium is a small watch-post of the fire brigade. The date is March 18.
Photograph. Identification
uncertain.
HIRPINIVS DO[---]
MRVSIILLIO COS SOLVI
The name is probably M. Rubellius. Cos may be a false reading, because a consul with the name Marcus Rubellius is not known.
MMISSXVSFEGIT
"[Name] made it".
Photograph
ICCD N5271
Small crosses.
IIII
IV
HN IIII
X H * I I
*
X
CX
X
XX
Tallymarks.
Tallymarks
Tally marks.
Tallymarks.
Some lines and the text ...XV...
X X X X I
Tallymarks
I I I I I X I I I I I
Tally marks.
* I I I
+ + + +
* + I I
Photograph
ICCD N5268
Photograph
ICCD N5269
IIIIIII X IIIII X IIIIII X
X X I I
Tallymarks
Tally marks.
* IIIIIIIIIIIIII
Tally marks.
IOCINA
* C C C C C
X X V
XIII
IIIIV IIII D
Tallymarks
XIIIII.IIIIIII..
Surely modern ?!
Surely modern ?!
XIIII
Surely modern ?!
IIIII
Tally marks.
[---]SVENVSTVSOMOBON\[---]
---iu]s Venustus (h)omo bonu[s] (tus was written above the line).
"... Venustus is a good man".
On a brick.
"Every comer scrawls the walls with his graffiti,
The only one who's written none is me.
Bugger all these scrawlers! My entreaty
Is to call them epitoechographs [writers on the wall] like me."
STEPI
STEPHANEFASTI
AT RVFIONE
Possibly: "Rufio dislikes Stephanus!" (or the other way around).
VIII IDVS SIIPTIIMBRIIS
LICINIVS HOSPIIS VIGVIT
"On September 6 the host Licinius ...".
ACTORES P ACTI MARTIALIS
OCCANITE ERAVTRYOLI
EMITTIT TIBYRTYO ORAMT
Possibly: "The stewards of Publius Actius Martialis pray that ... releases him from the ocean ... to (his estate in) Tibur".
SVIIISAMIVS
Perhaps Sum Samius ("I am from Samos").
CALVIUS [---]ILIGIVS EST
POMPTINIVS D[---]ONVS FELIG SIT ICIL ATEDVSIS ETREIIR
ARRIOMMO BONVS EST
CALVVS CEPIDIAM PVELLAM ET DARE AIONVVS
ET MVLIERII TVVS IOLI ET SETIMINVS EST
Comments about a number of people. "Calvius ... Pomptinius ... is happy (?) ...Arri(us) is a good man." Then something is said about a girl and a wife.
SIICVNDE
PALICAR
PVS IIS
Secunde, Policarpus es? ("Secundus, you are ...").
OBIILIA SVO
[---]OLATIO VA(le)
"Obelia to her ..., greetings".
"Every comer scrawls the walls with his graffiti,
The only one who's written none is me."
MVLVSAMETPATICAM
"The wall loves the perverted woman" (?)
HOC QUI SCRIP[---]
[---] N [---]GIT INFRA
"He who wrote this ... below".
"Diogenes the Cynic". Is someone in the building being compared to Diogenes and his doglike behaviour?
The first words of the Aeneid of Vergilius.
A parallel from Rome suggests that the first line contained the names of the seven
planets.
The numbers indicate the days of the month.
The chi-rho monogram.
EX PERSECVNDE DOMINII SALVTIS EME
"Lord give safety from the persecutor". (?)
A I X C I I H
I L T V
In a mithraeum.
X
A A _
M T R I A I H
In a mithraeum.
I A N H C A S
L I I A I
I I V C
C H O
In a mithraeum.
DOMINVS SOL
HIC AVITAT
Dominus Sol | hic avitat = Dominus Sol hic habitat.
"Lord Sun lives here".
The reference is probably to Sol-Mithras.
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker.
In a mithraeum. In the left column possibly the names of slaves (the first name may be Hylas). In the right column possibly gifts to Mithras, amongst which was wine. BINV may be vinv[m]. The X with a vertical bar may stand for denarius. The lines end with numbers.
N I I L _ _ I N
I N _ _ _
In a mithraeum.
SVLPICIVS
SILVINVS
NONAS
FECIT
Near a shrine.
CLAVDI[---]
Q MARCIY FELIX
Near a shrine.
C SALVIVS OPTATVS
Near a shrine.
"For the safety of our lord Severus Alexander, the pious, the happy, Augustus. We, the soldiers of the first cohort of the fire-fighters, the Severan, were stationed in these barracks for 30 days".
In a shrine.
C LICINIVS FELIX
D[1]Q TVM[---]
Near a shrine.
Ceriale.
A short way to indicate the year 215 AD, Cerialis being one of the two eponymous consuls.
In a shrine.
In a shrine.
Lines 1-6 were written in a tabula ansata. This and the word solv(it?) indicate the fulfilment of a vow. The graffito was apparently dated (cos).
In a shrine.
Marius | Anna | VII Kal Maias (April 25th).
In a shrine.
C LICINIVS CHO? FELIX
MONNA OMNIBVS SVCC
VRIS FELICITER VII
Near a shrine.
IVLIVS FAVSTIN[---]
MIL BUCHI[---]
PRIMIGENIAD[---]
Buchi[nator] is probably bucinator, a trumpeter. PRIMIGENIAD was written across the name Iulius Faustinus.
In a shrine.
TMARCIVS
INGIINVS
SIIRVS DIIVORVM
OMMO BONVS
T. Marcius
ingenu[u]s (or Ingenu[u]s)
servus de{v}orum
[h]om{m}o bonus.
"T. Marcius Ingenu(u)s [a free man], slave of the deified Emperors, a good man".
Note the intentional opposition between ingenuus and servus.
Photograph
ICCD N14879
Coh(orte) VII (or VI) (centuria) Ost(iensis) imp(erante)
An(tonino) co(n)s(ulibus) L[a]eto et Ce
riale sebarius
Calpurnius, X.
In a tabula ansata: "Calpurnius, night-watchman from the centuria of Ostiensis, from the seventh (or sixth) cohors, during the reign of Caracalla, in the year of consuls Laetus and Cerialis (215 AD), X". Sebarius = sebaciarius, night-watchman. The X means vota decennalia.
In a shrine.
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker.
]a tutus | ?um? sicinius [fide?]lis clodius floridianus | mantius fel[i]x feliciter.
In a shrine.
AELIVS MASVETVS
EX ACTVS LATER[---]VM
Near a shrine.
M MIRENIVS IVLIVS
BVCINATOR COH VII VIG
Mirenius or Myrenius. Bucinator means trumpeter.
In a shrine.
[---]DISIVS or I/STVS
Near a shrine.
NEPTUNE [--] E
VT A[_ _ _ _ _ _ ]SIT
PRO SALVTE SVA
ET SVORVM
XII KAL(ENDAS) AVG[u]STAS (July 21)
PROMISIT VOTVM
LVCCEIA PRIMITIVA
FORTVNAE TAVRIA
NENSI
A woman named Lucceia Primitiva promises that she will thank a deity, Fortuna
Taurianensis, when she and those who are dear to her will be in good health, after
a danger which is mentioned in the first, mutilated line. It is unlikely that
this Fortuna is the protective deity of Taurianum, a town in the south of Italy.
More likely there is a relation with the cognomen Taurianus, that is documented
in the Serapeum (III,XVII,4).
Photograph
(only the last five rows can be seen on this photograph).
HERMAE
On a brick of a pier of the main entrance to a building. Later covered with plaster.
"Righteous Hermes (Mercurius), bring profit to Hektikos."
MERCVR VLS P CO
AES SOLVVIMVS
Mercur(io) v(otum) l(ibens) s(olvit) or s(olverunt) ...
About the fulfilment of a vow to Mercurius.
Photograph
ICCD N5249
Photograph
ICCD N5253
SATVR
On a marble fragment.
Idus Dec (?) | XV Kal Nov (December 13th; October 18th).
On the back wall of the niche of a lararium.
Photograph by Jan Theo Bakker.
A boat.
A boat?
The prow of a boat?
Part of a boat?
A boat. The short mast at one end of the boat indicates that it is a tow-boat.
Photograph
A boat with full rigging.
A boat.
Photograph
ICCD N5289
A boat.
A boat.
Possibly a boat.
A boat.
A boat.
A face on the prow can be viewed in two ways. Here the head is looking straight forward.
Here the head is looking to its right and slightly downwards.
Possibly a ship's rigging.
A boat.
A person in a small boat.
Photograph
The prow of a boat.
Near "boats drawn with a very light hand, with great attention given to the details of the keel and sails."
A boat.
The prow of a boat.
A boat.
The rigging of a boat?
A boat.
A ship.
Photograph
ICCD N5259
Photograph
ICCD N5296